What Is APT?
Aptos is a proof-of-stake blockchain that uses a smart contract programming language called Move, developed by Meta's Diem engineers.The native token of Aptos is APT, which has an initial supply of 1 billion and a circulating supply of 130 million. APT is a cryptocurrency token that powers the Aptos platform, a social security system for the Metaverse.
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What is APT Community Ownership?
The Aptos blockchain will be owned, operated, and governed by a broad and diverse community. A native Aptos token will be used for transaction and network fees, governance voting on protocol upgrades and on-chain/off-chain processes, and securing the blockchain via a proof-of-stake model. A complete description of Aptos token economics will follow in a future publication.
What is the APT Vision?
The Aptos vision is to deliver a blockchain that can bring mainstream adoption to web3 and empower an ecosystem of decentralized applications to solve real-world user problems. Our mission is to advance the state-of-the-art in blockchain reliability, safety, and performance by providing a flexible and modular blockchain architecture. This architecture should support frequent upgrades, fast adoption of the latest technology advancements, and first-class support for new and emerging use cases. We envision a decentralized, secure, and scalable network governed and operated by the community that uses it. When infrastructure demands grow across the world, the computational resources of the blockchain scale up horizontally and vertically to meet those needs. As new use cases and technological advances arise, the network should frequently and seamlessly upgrade without interrupting users. Infrastructure concerns should fade into the background. Developers and users will have access to many different options for key recovery, data modeling, smart contract standards, resource usage tradeoffs, privacy, and composability. Users know that their assets are secure, always available, and can be accessed with near at-cost fees. Anyone can safely, easily, and immutably transact with untrusted parties worldwide. Blockchains are as ubiquitous as cloud infrastructure. To achieve this vision, significant technological advances must be made. Our experiences building, developing, advancing, and deploying the Diem blockchain (the predecessor of the Aptos blockchain) over the past three years have proven that a network can continually upgrade its protocols without disrupting its clients [4]. The Diem mainnet was deployed to more than a dozen node operators with multiple wallet providers in early 2020. Over the following year, our team issued two major upgrades that changed the consensus protocol and the core framework. Both upgrades completed without downtime for users. With the Aptos blockchain, we have made a series of radical improvements to the technology stack while also incorporating safe, transparent, and frequent upgrades as a core feature, as inspired by the Diem blockchain. In particular, we highlight novel methods of transaction processing (as described in Section 7) and new approaches to decentralization and network governance. As the Aptos blockchain continues to improve and grow, we will issue refreshed versions of this white paper with the latest iteration of our protocols and design choices. In the rest of this document, we describe the current state of the Aptos blockchain as well as future plans.
How does Aptos work?
The Aptos Blockchain can theoretically achieve 160,000 transactions per seconds (TPS), while maintaining security. This is achieved through some revolutionary concepts.The Block-STM engine is a smart contract processor that relies on parallel execution for multiple transactions. All transactions are validated after execution. A collaborative scheduler prioritizes certain transactions and handles essential validations to improve efficiency. Up to 160,000 transactions can be processed at once.Move is a programming language that was designed specifically for the Diem Blockchain, making Aptos appealing. Move is an executable bytecode that can be adapted to the needs of Aptos developers. Its global storage system is more secure than most programming languages. Move allows users to define custom resources which cannot be copied or discarded. This makes it more difficult for malicious entities control the Aptos Blockchain.Aptos separates the consensus protocol from the order of transactions and runs them in parallel. This increases speed while reducing latency. Aptos created a Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT), which analyzes each state on the chain and updates validators automatically as necessary to ensure accuracy.Polygon aims to achieve interoperability between other blockchains through a framework that allows for the construction and maintenance of blockchains.It is a protocol for connecting Ethereum-compatible networks. It uses a setof protocols to address Ethereum's shortcomings.Scalability problems can be solved by processing transactions on an Ethereum compatible blockchain and then returning them to the original Ethereum chain.The main Ethereum blockchain will be processed. This method reduces the load on the Ethereum network.Polygon is designed to speed up transactions and reduce transaction costs.Solutions include plasma sidechains and a Proof-of-Stake (PoS), zk rollups and optimistic rolls.These solutions allow developers to choose a suitable scaling option for their applications, with the goal of improving interoperability. Polygon is developing an infrastructure that will support the adoption of a wide range of technologies.Ethereum could increase Polygon's dependency on Ethereum rather than the opposite.
What are the potential use cases for Aptos?
Aptos aims to empower a DApp ecosystem to solve real-world problems for users, thus promoting web3 adoption. Aptos' high transactional throughput and parallel execution engines may be suitable for applications requiring fast and efficient transaction processing. Move, the smart contract programming tool, allows users to create complex, secure smart contracts. This opens up a range of possible use cases. Aptos’ upgradeability and configurability enable new use cases to be realized, while its horizontal scaling provides a better experience for users.
How does Aptos compare to Solana and Flow?
Aptos Solana and Flow all have layer-one platforms with their own unique capabilities and features. Aptos was developed by an experienced team in the blockchain industry. It is built with specific features, such as Parallel Processing. This feature allows multiple transactions to run simultaneously with the goal of giving a blockchain unlimited scalability. Aptos can handle 130,000 transactions per seconds (TPS), whereas Solana, Flow and Flow each have different capacities. Solana has a low transaction fee and a Proof-of History consensus. Aptos' smart contracts are written in the Move programming languages, which was designed for parallel processing. Solana, on the other hand, uses Rust and Flow, Cadence. Aptos is a relatively new platform and it's currently gathering data in order to evaluate its performance. Each platform may have unique features that align with user requirements.
What consensus mechanism does Aptos use?
Aptos uses a unique algorithm for consensus known as AptosBFT. This algorithm is based upon the HotStuff mechanism. HotStuff is based on the Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance model (pBFT). AptosBFT is designed to process a large volume of transactions each second while reducing latency. The consensus mechanism has multiple layers that contribute to its functionality. The layers are Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT), standard BFT, Practical BFT, HotStuff and AptosBFT. AptosBFT will be tested on the Aptos Incentivized Testing Network (AIT) in order to ensure the consistency of the Aptos Blockchain. This consensus mechanism is part of Aptos’ aspiration to become a Layer 1 Blockchain with speed and scalability.
How Is the Aptos Network Secured?
Aptos relies on two consensus protocols - Proof-of-Stake and AptosBFT.AptosBFT is very similar to DiemBFT, originally created for Diem. BFT stands for ""Byzantine Fault-Tolerant,"" and refers to networks which continue operating normally even if some members go offline or become hostile.AptosBFT is a custom-built consensus algorithm based on the HotStuff protocol. Although there is much technical detail involved in how HotStuff secures its network, AptosBFT analyzes on-chain state to automatically adjust leader rotations if there are non-responsive validators without human intervention.
